CIVIL AVIATION: SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION: CIVIL AVIATION (UNITS OF MEASUREMENT TO BE USED IN AIR AND GROUND OPERATIONS) REGULATIONS

(section 89(1))

(6th June, 2022)

ARRANGEMENT OF REGULATIONS

    REGULATION

PART I
Preliminary

    1.    Citation

    2.    Interpretation

    3.    Application

PART II
Standard Application of Units of Measurement

    4.    SI Units

    5.    Non-SI units

    6.    Application of specific units

    7.    Design, procedures and training

PART III
Termination of Use of Non-SI Alternative Units

    8.    Termination of use of alternative non-SI units

    9.    Base units, supplementary units and derived units

    10.    Offence

        SCHEDULE

S.I. 58, 2022.

PART I
Preliminary (regs 1-3)

1.    Citation

    These Regulations may be cited as the Civil Aviation (Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground Operations) Regulations.

2.    Interpretation

    In these Regulations, unless the context otherwise requires—

    “Ampere (A)” means a constant electric current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one metre apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7′> newton per metre of length;

    “Becquerel (Bq)” means the activity of a radionuclide having one spontaneous nuclear transition per second;

    “Candela (cd)” means the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of 1/600 000 square metre of black body at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101 325 newtons per square metre;

    “Celsius temperature (tÂ℃C)” means the Celsius temperature is equal to the difference tÂ℃C = T-T0′> between two thermodynamic temperatures T and T0′> where T0′> equals 273.15 Kelvin;

    “Coulomb (C)” means the quantity of electricity transported in one second by a current of one ampere;

    “Degree Celsius (Â℃C)” means the special name for the unit Kelvin for use in stating values of Celsius temperature;

    “Farad (F)” means the capacitance of a capacitor between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of one volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb;

    “Foot (ft)” means the length equal to 0.3048 metre exactly;

    “Gray (Gy)” means the energy imparted by ionising radiation to a mass of matter corresponding to one joule per kilogram;

    “Henry (H)” means the inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of one volt is produced when the electric current in the circuit varies uniformly at a rate of one ampere per second;

    “Hertz (Hz)” means the frequency of a periodic phenomenon of which the period is one second;

    “Human performance” means human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the safety and efficiency of aeronautical operations;

    “Joule (J)” means the work done when the point of application of a force of one Newton is displaced a distance of one metre in the direction of the force;

    “Kelvin (K)” means a unit of thermodynamic temperature which is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water;

    “Kilogram (kg)” means the unit of mass equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram;

    “Knot (kt)” means the speed equal to one nautical mile per hour;

    “International System of Units (SI)” means a complete, coherent system which includes three classes of units base units, supplementary units; and derived units;

    “Litre (L)” means a unit of volume restricted to the measurement of liquids and gases which is equal to one cubic decimetre;

    “Lumen (lm)” means the luminous flux emitted in a solid angle of one steradian by a point source having a uniform intensity of one candela;

    “Lux (lx)” means the illuminance produced by a luminous flux of one lumen uniformly distributed over a surface of one square metre;

    “Metre (m)” means the distance travelled by light in a vacuum during 1/299 792 458 of a second;

    “Mole (mol)” means the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12;

    “Nautical mile (NM)” means the length equal to 1,852 metres exactly;

    “Newton (N)” means the force which when applied to a body having a mass of one kilogram gives it an acceleration of one metre per second squared;

    “Ohm means the electric resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of one volt, applied between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of one ampere, this conductor not being the source of any electromotive force;

    “Pascal (Pa)” means the pressure or stress of one newton per square metre;

    “Radian (rad)” means the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius;

    “Second (s)” means the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom;

    “Siemens (S)” means the electric conductance of a conductor in which a current of one ampere is produced by an electric potential difference of one volt;

    “Sievert (Sv)” means the unit of radiation dose equivalent corresponding to one joule per kilogram;

    “Steradian (sr)” means the solid angle which, having its vertex in the centre of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere;

    “Tesla (T)” means the magnetic flux density given by a magnetic flux of one weber per square metre;

    “Tonne (t)” means the mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;

    “Volt (V)” means the unit of electric potential difference and electromotive force which is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conductor carrying a constant current of one ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to one watt;

    “Watt (W)” means the power which gives rise to the production of energy at the rate of one joule per second; and

    “Weber (Wb)” means the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of one volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second.

3.    Application

    These Regulations shall apply to all aspects of civil aviation air and ground operations.

PART II
Standard Application of Units of Measurement (regs 4-7)

4.    SI units

    (1) The International System of Units developed and maintained by the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) shall, subject to regulations 5 and 6 be used as the standard system of units of measurement for all aspects of civil aviation air and ground operations.

    (2) The prefixes and symbols listed in Table 1 of the Schedule shall be used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units.

5.    Non-SI units

    (1) The non-SI units listed in Table 2 of the Schedule, shall be used either in lieu of, or in addition to, the SI units as the unit of measure but only as specified in Table 4 of the Schedule.

    (2) The non-SI units listed in Table 3 of the Schedule shall be permitted for temporary use as alternative units of measurement but only for those specific quantities listed in Table 4 of the Schedule.

6.    Application of specific units

    (1) The application of units of measurement for certain quantities used in civil aviation air and ground operations shall be in accordance with Table 4 of the Schedule of these Regulations.

    (2) In instances where the mole is used, the elementary entities shall be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or specified groups of such particles.

7.    Design, procedures and training

    The means and provisions for design, procedures and training shall be established for operations in environments involving the use of standard and non-SI alternatives of specific units of measurement, or the transition between environments using different units, with due consideration to human performance.

PART III
Termination of Use of Non-SI Alternative Units (regs 8-10)

8.    Termination of use of alternative non-SI units

    The use in civil aviation operations of the alternative non-SI units (Knot, Nautical Mile and foot) shall be terminated on the dates to be established by International Civil Aviation.

9.    Base units, supplementary units and derived units

    The International System of Units is a complete, coherent system which includes three classes of units as depicted in Table 5; supplementary units as depicted in Table 6; and derived units as depicted in Table 7 of the Schedule.

10.    Offence

    Any person who contravenes any provision of these Regulations commits an offence and is liable to the penalties provided under section 88 of the Act.

SCHEDULE
SI UNITS

(regs 4, 5 and 6)

Table 1. SI unit prefixes

Multiplication factor

 

Prefix

Symbol

1 000 000 000 000 000 000

= 1018′>

exa

E

1 000 000 000 000 000

= 1015′>

peta

P

1 000 000 000 000

= 1012′>

tera

T

1 000 000 000

= 109′>

giga

G

1 000 000

= 106′>

mega

M

1 000

= 103′>

kilo

k

100

= 102′>

hecto

h

10

= 101′>

deca

da

0.1

= 10-1′>

deci

d

0.01

= 10-2′>

centi

c

0.001

= 10-3′>

milli

m

0.000 001

= 10-6′>

micro

µ

0.000 000 001

= 10-9′>

nano

n

0.000 000 000 001

= 10-12′>

pico

p

0.000 000 000 000 001

= 10-15′>

fento

f

0.000 000 000 000 000 001

= 10-18′>

atto

a

Table 2. Non-SI units for use with the SI

Specific quantities in Table 3-4 related to

Unit

Symbol

Definition
(in terms of SI units)

mass

tonne

t

1 t = 103′> kg

plane angle

degree

Â℃

1Â℃ = (/180) rad

 

minute

‘

1′ = (1/60)Â℃ = (/10 800) rad

 

second

“

1″ = (1/60)’ = (/648 000) rad

temperature

degree Celsius

Â℃C

1 unit Â℃C = 1 unit Ka’>

time

minute

min

1 min = 60 s

 

hour

h

1 h = 60 min = 3 600 s

 

day

d

1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s

 

week, month, year

—

 

volume

litre

L

1 L= 1 dm3′>= 10-‘>3m3′>

Table 3. Non-SI units for temporary use with the SI

Specific quantities in Table 3-4 related to

Unit

Symbol

Definition
(in terms of SI units)

distance (long)

nautical mile

NM

1 NM =1852 m

distance (vertical)a’>

foot

ft

1 ft = 0.3048 m

speed

knot

kt

1 kt = 0.514 444 m/s

a)    altitude, elevation, height, vertical speed

 

 

Table 4. Standard application of specific units of measurement

Ref. No.

Quantity

Primary unit
(symbol)

Non-SI alternative unit (symbol)

1.    Direction/Speed/Time

    1.1

attitude

m

ft

    1.2

area

m2′>

 

    1.3

distance (long)a’>

km

NM

    1.4

distance (short)

m

 

    1.5

elevation

m

ft

    1.6

endurance

h and min

 

    1.7

height

m

ft

    1.8

latitude

Â℃ ‘ “

 

    1.9

length

m

 

    1.10

longitude

Â℃ ‘ “

 

    1.11

plane angle (when required, decimal subdivisions of the degree shall be used)

Â℃

 

    1.12

runway length

m

 

    1.13

runway visual range

m

 

    1.14

tank capacities (aircraft)b’>

L

 

    1.15

time

 

s
min
h
d
week
month
year

    1.16

visibilityc’>

 

km

    1.17

volume

 

m3′>

    1.18

wind direction (wind directions other than for a landing and take-off shall be expressed in degrees true; for landing and take-off wind directions shall be expressed in degrees magnetic)

 

2.    Mass-related

    2.1

air density

kg/m3′>

    2.2

area density

kg/m2′>

    2.3

cargo capacity

kg

    2.4

cargo density

kg/m3′>

    2.5

density (mass density)

kg/m3′>

    2.6

fuel capacity (gravimetric)

kg

    2.7

gas density

kg/m3′>

    2.8

gross mass or payload

kg

 

 

t

    2.9

hoisting provisions

kg

    2.10

linear density

kg/m

    2.11

liquid density

kg/m3′>

    2.12

mass

kg

    2.13

moment of inertia

kg·m2′>

    2.14

moment of momentum

kg·m2′>/s

    2.15

momentum

kg·m/s

3.    Force-related

 

    3.1

air pressure (general)

kPa

    3.2

altimeter setting

hPa

    3.3

atmospheric pressure

hPa

    3.4

bending moment

kN·m

    3.5

force

N

    3.6

fuel supply pressure

kPa

    3.7

hydraulic pressure

kPa

    3.8

modulus of elasticity

MPa

    3.9

pressure

kPa

    3.10

stress

MPa

    3.11

surface tension

mN/m

    3.12

thrust

kN

    3.13

torque

N·m

    3.14

vacuum

Pa

4.    Mechanics

    4.1

airspeedd’>

km/h

kt

    4.2

angular acceleration

rad/s2′>

 

    4.3

angular velocity

rad/s

 

    4.4

energy or work

J

 

    4.5

equivalent shaft power

kW

 

    4.6

frequency

Hz

 

    4.7

groundspeed

km/h

kt

    4.8

impact

J/m2′>

 

    4.9

kinetic energy absorbed by brakes

MJ

 

    4.10

linear acceleration

m/s2′>

 

    4.11

power

kW

 

    4.12

rate of trim

Â℃/s

 

    4.13

shaft power

kW

 

    4.14

velocity

m/s

 

    4.15

vertical speed

m/s

ft/min

    4.16

wind speed

m/s

kt

5.    Flow

 

 

    5.1

engine airflow

kg/s

    5.2

engine waterflow

kg/h

    5.3

fuel consumption (specific)

 

 

    piston engines

kg/(kW.h)

 

    turbo-shaft engines

kg/(kW.h)

 

    jet engines

kg/(kN.h)

    5.4

fuel flow

kg/h

    5.5

fuel tank filling rate (gravimetric)

kg/min

    5.6

gas flow

kg/s

    5.7

liquid flow (gravimetric)

g/s

    5.8

liquid flow (volumetric)

L/s

    5.9

mass flow

kg/s

    5.10

oil consumption

 

 

    gas turbine

kg/h

 

    piston engines (specific)

g/(kW.h)

    5.11

oil flow

g/s

    5.12

pump capacity

L/min

    5.13

ventilation airflow

m3′>/min

    5.14

viscosity (dynamic)

Pa · s

    5.15

viscosity (kinematic)

m2′>/s

6.    Thermodynamics

 

    6.1

coefficient of heat transfer

W/(m2′>.K)

    6.2

heat flow per unit area

J/m2′>

    6.3

heat flow rate

W

    6.4

humidity (absolute)

g/kg

    6.5

coefficient of linear expansion

Â℃C-1′>

    6.6

quantity of heat

J

    6.7

temperature

Â℃C

7.    Electricity and magnetism

 

    7.1

capacitance

F

    7.2

conductance

S

    7.3

conductivity

S/m

    7.4

current density

A/m2′>

    7.5

electric current

A

    7.6

electric field strength

C/m2′>

    7.7

electric potential

V

    7.8

electromotive force

V

    7.9

magnetic field strength

A/m

    7.10

magnetic flux

Wb

    7.11

magnetic flux density

T

    7.12

power

W

    7.13

quantity of electricity

C

    7.14

resistance

8.    Light and related electromagnetic radiations

 

    8.1

illuminance

lx

    8.2

luminance

cd/m2′>

    8.3

luminous exitance

lm/m2′>

    8.4

luminous flux

Im

    8.5

luminous intensity

cd

    8.6

quantity of light

Im.s

    8.7

radiant energy

J

    8.8

wavelength

m

9.    Acoustics

 

    9.1

frequency

Hz

    9.2

mass density

kg/m3′>

    9.3

noise level

dBe’>)

    9.4

period, periodic time

s

    9.5

sound intensity

W/m2′>

    9.6

sound power

W

    9.7

sound pressure

Pa

    9.8

sound level

dBf’>)

    9.9

static pressure (instantaneous)

Pa

    9.10

velocity of sound

m/s

    9.11

volume velocity (instantaneous)

m3′>/s

    9.12

wavelength

m

10. Nuclear physics and ionising radiation

    10.1

absorbed dose

Gy

    10.2

absorbed dose rate

Gy/s

    10.3

activity of radionuclides

Bq

    10.4

dose equivalent

Sv

    10.5

radiation exposure

C/kg

    10.6

exposure rate

C/kg.s

a)    As used in navigation, generally in excess of 4,000 m.

b)    Such as aircraft fuel, hydraulic fluids, water, oil and high pressure oxygen vessels.

c)    Visibility of less than 5 km may be given in m.

d)    Airspeed is sometimes reported in flight operations in terms of the ration MACH number.

e)    A conversion of 1 kt = 0.5 m/s is used in ICAO Annexes for the representation of wind speed.

f)    The decibel (dB) is a ratio which may be used as a unit for expressing sound pressure level and sound power level. When used, the reference level must be specified.

Table 5. SI Base Units

Quantity

Unit

Symbol

amount of substance

mole

mol

electric current

ampere

A

length

metre

m

luminous intensity

candela

cd

mass

kilogram

kg

thermodynamic

kelvin

K

time

second

s

Table 6. SI Supplementary units

Quantity

Unit

Symbol

plane angle

radian

rad

solid angle

steradian

sr

Table 7. SI Derived units with special names

Quantity

Unit

Symbol

Derivation

absorbed dose (radiation)

gray

Gy

J/kg

activity and radionuclides

becquerel

Bq

I/s

capacitance

farad

F

C/V

conductance

siemens

S

A/V

dose equivalent radiation

sievert

Sv

J/kg

electric potential, potential difference, electromotive force

volt

V

W/A

electric resistance

ohm

V/A

energy, work, quantity of heat

joule

J

N.m

force

newton

N

kg.m/s2′>

frequency (of a periodic phenomenon)

hertz

Hz

I/s

illuminance

lux

lx

lm/m2′>

inductance

henry

H

Wb/A

luminous flux

lumen

lm

cd.sr

magnetic flux density

tesla

T

Wb/m2′>

power, radiant flux

watt

W

J/s

pressure, stress

pascal

Pa

N/m2′>

quantity of electricity, electric charge

coulomb

C

A.s

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